Characterizing Complex Deformation, Damage, and Fracture in Heterogeneous Shale Using 3D-DIC

Safe drilling and effective fracturing are constant challenges for shale formations. One of the most important influencing factors is accurate characterization deformation damage caused by inherent lamination natural fractures. Furthermore, formations exhibit fine-scale heterogeneity, which conventional laboratory methods (linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), strain gauges, etc.) cannot distinguish. To overcome these constraints, this research aims to investigate characteristics samples using three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC). Under uniaxial diametrical compression, Wolfcamp, Mancos, Eagle Ford with distinct fractures evaluated. The 3D-DIC system utilized processing, visualization, analysis process under varying loads. DIC made quantitative full-field maps load (tension, shear), showing all steps localization zones (SLZs). used quantify variables in order sample damage. Damage categorize evolution specimens into four stages: initial damage, linear elastic, elastic–plastic, plastic Characterizing a line more because there than whole sample. based on major its standard deviation from map tested follow similar trend, though compression greater compression. In both Wolfcamp was reported have highest variable, measured at 0.37, while lowest variable. This image-based technique not only understanding laminated naturally fractured rocks but also predicting hydraulic that will occur during stimulation process.